German is the official language of Germany, Austria, and one of the official languages of Switzerland. Belonging to the West Germanic group of the Indo-European language family, it shares roots with English, Frisian, and Dutch (Netherlandic, Flemish).

Historical Context

The history of the German language dates back to the 1st century BCE, when Germanic tribes first encountered the Romans. Initially, there was a single "Germanic" language with minor dialect differences. The distinct "German" language (High German) began to emerge around the 6th century CE.

Linguistic Features

German is an inflected language, characterized by:

• Four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative.
• Three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.
• Strong and weak verbs.

With over 90 million native speakers, German ranks among the world's most widely spoken languages and is a key cultural language in the Western world.

Uniformity and Dialects

As a written language, German is quite uniform across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, much like the uniformity of written English across the United States and the British Commonwealth. However, spoken German exists in many dialects, primarily grouped into High German and Low German.

High German (Hochdeutsch)

High German, the official written language, originated from the dialects of the southern highlands of Germany. It includes:

• Old High German: Spoken until about 1100.
• Middle High German: Emerged after 1100, forming the basis for modern standard High German.
• Modern Standard High German: Spoken in central and southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and used in administration, education, literature, and media.